| Cover | 1 |
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| Contents | 6 |
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| Preface | 9 |
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| History and Evolution of Hemodiafiltration | 11 |
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| Dawn of Hemodiafiltration | 11 |
| Abstract | 11 |
| First 60 Years (1914 – Early 1970s) | 11 |
| Middle Molecule Hypothesis and HF | 12 |
| Development of HDF | 12 |
| The Current Status of HDF in Japan | 13 |
| References | 14 |
| Hemodiafiltration – State of the Art | 15 |
| Abstract | 15 |
| Online Hemodiafiltration | 19 |
| References | 25 |
| Hemodiafiltration: Evolution of a Technique towards Better Dialysis Care | 29 |
| Abstract | 29 |
| Hemodiafiltration: From Origin to Today | 29 |
| Techniques of Hemodiafiltration | 30 |
| Mechanism of Hemodiafiltration | 33 |
| Clinical Outcomes Achieved by HDF | 34 |
| Conclusion | 36 |
| References | 36 |
| Clinical Benefits of Hemodiafiltration | 38 |
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| Optimal Therapeutic Conditions for Online Hemodiafiltration | 38 |
| Abstract | 38 |
| Technical Prerequisite and Basic Hygienic Rules for ol-HDF | 39 |
| Prerequisite and Technical Options of ol-HDF | 41 |
| ol-HDF Prescription in Practice | 44 |
| Handling and Microbial Monitoring of ol-HDF | 44 |
| Conclusions | 45 |
| References | 45 |
| Effect of Hemodiafiltration on Mortality, Inflammation and Quality of Life | 49 |
| Abstract | 49 |
| Mortality | 50 |
| Inflammation | 51 |
| Health-Related Quality of Life | 55 |
| Treatment Optimization Parameters | 57 |
| Conclusion | 58 |
| References | 58 |
| How to Prescribe Hemodialysis or Hemodiafiltration in Order to Ameliorate Dialysis-Related Symptoms and Complications | 63 |
| Abstract | 63 |
| Classical Parameters for Prescribing a Dialysis Modality | 64 |
| New Concept for Prescribing a Dialysis Modality | 65 |
| Results of the Dialysis Prescription Based on the POD System | 66 |
| Rationale of the New Concept for a Dialysis Prescription | 67 |
| Practice Pattern for Prescribing Online HDF from a Case Study | 71 |
| Conclusion | 72 |
| References | 72 |
| Optimizing Home Dialysis: Role of Hemodiafiltration | 74 |
| Abstract | 74 |
| Benefits of HDF over Low-Flux and High-Flux Hemodialysis | 77 |
| Individualizing Choice of Renal Replacement Therapy | 79 |
| Providing HDF at Home: Technical Considerations | 80 |
| Dialysis Adequacy for Home HDF | 83 |
| Equipment Portability | 84 |
| Conclusion | 84 |
| Acknowledgement | 84 |
| References | 85 |
| Management of Dialysis Fluid and Dialysis System | 88 |
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| Quality Management of Dialysis Fluid for Online Convective Therapies | 88 |
| Abstract | 88 |
| Online Preparation of Substitution Solution for Convective Therapies | 89 |
| Components of a Quality Management System | 91 |
| References | 97 |
| Biocompatibility of Dialysis Fluid for Online HDF | 99 |
| Abstract | 99 |
| Purification of Online Preparation | 100 |
| Composition of Dialysis and Substitution Fluids | 100 |
| Methods | 101 |
| Results | 103 |
| Discussion | 105 |
| Conclusion | 106 |
| References | 107 |
| Characteristics of Central Dialysis Fluid Delivery System and Single Patient Dialysis Machine for HDF | 109 |
| Abstract | 109 |
| Central Dialysis Fluid Delivery System in Japan | 109 |
| SPDM in Japan | 112 |
| Substitution Fluid for Online HDF with CDDS and SPDM | 113 |
| Maintenance of Purification of Dialysis Fluid | 114 |
| HD and/or Online HDF Using SPDM by Comprehensive Management | 115 |
| Conclusion | 116 |
| References | 116 |
| Fully Automated Dialysis System for Online Hemodiafiltration Built into the Central Dialysis Fluid Delivery System | 117 |
| Abstract | 117 |
| Outline of the Central Dialysis Delivery System | 118 |
| FADS with Online HDF | 119 |
| Fully Automated Dialysis System | 119 |
| Dialysis Fluid Quality Control Standards | 121 |
| Fluid Quality Control Method | 124 |
| Discussion | 125 |
| References | 126 |
| Uremic Toxins | 127 |
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| New Uremic Toxins – Which Solutes Should Be Removed? | 127 |
| Abstract | 127 |
| Toxicity of Specific Uremic Retention Solutes | 128 |
| Removal of Protein-Bound Uremic Solutes and Middle Molecules | 133 |
| Interventional Outcome Studies Based on Removal | 135 |
| Conclusions | 136 |
| References | 136 |
| Beta-2-Microglobulin as a Uremic Toxin: the Japanese Experience | 139 |
| Abstract | 139 |
| ß2-Microglobulin and Dialysis-Related Amyloidosis | 139 |
| Therapeutic Approaches | 140 |
| Conclusion | 142 |
| References | 142 |
| Markers and Possible Uremic Toxins: Japanese Experiences | 144 |
| Abstract | 144 |
| Oxidative Stress and AGEs in ESRD | 145 |
| Vitamin E-Coated Dialysis Membrane | 146 |
| Clinical Effects of Vitamin E-Coated Dialyzer | 146 |
| Conclusion | 147 |
| References | 147 |
| Dialysis Membranes for Hemodiafiltration | 149 |
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| Biocompatibility of the Dialysis Membrane | 149 |
| Abstract | 149 |
| Complement Activation | 151 |
| Contact Pathway Activation | 151 |
| Platelet Activation | 151 |
| Monocyte Activation | 152 |
| Neutrophil Activation | 154 |
| Conclusion | 155 |
| References | 155 |
| Choice of Dialy
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