| Cover | 1 |
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| Contents | 5 |
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| Preface | 7 |
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| Foreword | 9 |
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| Contributors | 11 |
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| Introduction | 15 |
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| Growth and Later Health: A General Perspective | 15 |
| Abstract | 15 |
| Programming | 16 |
| Programming of Obesity and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease | 16 |
| Early Growth and the Brain | 18 |
| Windows for Programming by Early Growth | 21 |
| Mechanisms for Programming Effects | 22 |
| Future Perspectives | 22 |
| References | 22 |
| Discussion | 23 |
| 13Growth, Obesity and CV Outcomes | 27 |
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| Early Infancy as a Critical Period for Development of Obesity and Related Conditions | 27 |
| Abstract | 27 |
| Acknowledgements | 33 |
| References | 33 |
| Discussion | 34 |
| References | 37 |
| Leptin, Nutrition, and the Programming of Hypothalamic Feeding Circuits | 39 |
| Abstract | 39 |
| Introduction | 39 |
| Importance of the Hypothalamus in Regulating Feeding and Energy Balance | 40 |
| Development of Hypothalamic Feeding Circuits | 41 |
| Factors Influencing Hypothalamic Development | 42 |
| Conclusions | 47 |
| Acknowledgments | 47 |
| References | 48 |
| Discussion | 49 |
| References | 52 |
| Early Growth and Ageing | 55 |
| Abstract | 55 |
| Introduction | 55 |
| Epidemiological Data | 56 |
| Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis | 56 |
| Accelerated Early Postnatal Growth | 56 |
| Animal Models | 57 |
| Global Caloric Restriction | 57 |
| Intrauterine Artery Ligation | 58 |
| Hypoxic Model | 58 |
| Maternal Iron Restriction | 58 |
| Glucocorticoid Overexposure | 58 |
| Maternal Protein Restriction | 59 |
| Mechanisms Linking Early Growth and Ageing | 60 |
| Conclusion | 62 |
| References | 63 |
| Discussion | 64 |
| References | 67 |
| Does Early Growth Affect Long-Term Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease? | 69 |
| Abstract | 69 |
| Introduction | 69 |
| Evidence from Animal Models | 70 |
| Evidence from Humans | 70 |
| Mechanisms | 75 |
| Public Health Implications | 76 |
| Conclusions | 76 |
| References | 77 |
| Discussion | 78 |
| References | 83 |
| Developing World Perspective:The Importance of Growth for Short-Term Health | 85 |
| Abstract | 85 |
| Introduction | 85 |
| Why Is Poor Child Growth Related to Increased Morbidity and Mortality? | 87 |
| Extent of Malnutrition, Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Countries | 88 |
| Epidemiologic Evidence Relating Stunting and Wasting to Subsequent Morbidity and Mortality | 88 |
| Benefits of Catch-Up Growth | 90 |
| Conclusion: Future Research Needs for Evaluating the Tradeoffs | 91 |
| References | 91 |
| Discussion | 93 |
| References | 97 |
| Growth and Neurological Development | 99 |
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| Postnatal Growth and Development in the Preterm and Small for Gestational Age Infant | 99 |
| Abstract | 99 |
| References | 108 |
| Discussion | 110 |
| References | 112 |
| Interrelationship between Growth and Development in Low and Middle Income Countries | 113 |
| Abstract | 113 |
| Introduction | 113 |
| Methods | 114 |
| LBW and Development | 115 |
| Postnatal Growth and Development | 118 |
| Control for Confounding in Studies of Growth and Development | 126 |
| Relative Importance of Prenatal vs. Postnatal Growth for Child Development Outcomes | 127 |
| Appropriate Analytic Approaches to Assess the Relative Importance of Growth across Periods | 128 |
| Review of Studies That Used Appropriate Methods for Assessingthe Relative Importance of Prenatal vs. Postnatal Growth onChild Development | 128 |
| Possible Mechanisms Liking Growth Retardation and Poor Development | 129 |
| Conclusions | 130 |
| References | 130 |
| Discussion | 132 |
| References | 134 |
| Role of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Neurodevelopmentand Growth | 137 |
| Abstract | 137 |
| Type of LCPUFA Supplementation | 138 |
| When to Supplement with LCPUFA | 142 |
| Dose of LCPUFA | 143 |
| How Does DHA Work and Does This Relate to DHA Dose? | 144 |
| References | 145 |
| Discussion | 147 |
| References | 150 |
| Growth and Development of the Brainand Impact on Cognitive Outcom
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