| Preface | 16 |
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| 1. Fascination with ‘History’ – Biblical Interpretation in a Century of Modernism and Historicism | 18 |
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| 1. Roots of Historical Thinking and Historicism | 22 |
| 2. Growth and Impact of New Historical Evidence | 24 |
| 3. The Challenge of the Historicism | 26 |
| A. The General Cultural Context of Nineteenth Century’s Biblical Interpretation | 30 |
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| 2. Historical, Cultural and Philosophical Aspects of the Nineteenth Century with Special Regard to Biblical Interpretation | 32 |
| 1. Aspects of the Enlightenment’s Cultural and Philosophical Legacy | 32 |
| 2. F. D. E. Schleiermacher – His Criticism of the Old Testament | 39 |
| 3. G. F. W. Hegel – the Impact of His Philosophy on Old Testament Studies | 46 |
| 4. Old Testament Studies and Protestant Theology at German Universities | 53 |
| 3. The Phenomenon of ‘Historicism’ as a Backcloth of Biblical Scholarship | 65 |
| 1. The Rise of Historical Consciousness and the Term ‘Historicism’ | 67 |
| 2. The Way of Historicism in the Nineteenth Century | 74 |
| 3. Historicism in Biblical Studies | 81 |
| 4. Expansion of the Historical Context of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament | 91 |
| 1. Introduction | 95 |
| 2. The Bible in the Context of the Ancient Near East – the Significance of New Comparative Texts | 96 |
| 3. The Historical Geography of the Holy Land | 105 |
| 4. The Emergence of a so-called ‘Biblical Archaeology’ in Europe and North America | 111 |
| 5. Expansion of the Anthropological, Sociological and Mythological Context of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament | 120 |
| 1. Introduction | 121 |
| 2. Comparative Folkloristic Studies | 122 |
| 3. New Anthropological and Sociological Perspectives – the Case of William Robertson Smith and his Work | 128 |
| 4. New Mythological Studies | 133 |
| 6. Expansion of the Linguistic Context of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament: Hebrew among the Languages of the Ancient Near East | 135 |
| 1. Increasing Knowledge of the Semitic Languages | 135 |
| 2. Wilhelm Gesenius and the Development of Hebrew Studies | 149 |
| 3. Further Achievements in Hebrew Philology | 157 |
| B. Main Regional and Confessional Areas of the Nineteenth Century’s Biblical Scholarship | 170 |
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| 7. The ‘New World’ of North America and Canada – and the Globalization of Critical Biblical Scholarship | 172 |
| 1. Biblical Criticism in the Early Nineteenth Century: Common Sense and a Democratic Scripture | 177 |
| 1.1. American Biblical Criticism Conceived: Joseph Stevens Buckminster at Harvard | 178 |
| 1.2. The Beginnings of Old Testament Scholarship in America: Moses Stuart at Andover | 178 |
| 1.3. Edward Robinson and the Innovation of Biblical Archeology | 181 |
| 1.4. Unitarian Biblical Scholarship at Harvard | 182 |
| 2. Mid-Century Challenges to the American Bible | 184 |
| 2.1. Genesis and Geology in America: The Old Testament and the Challenges from New Science | 184 |
| 2.2. The Bible, Slavery, and the Civil War | 186 |
| 3. The Formation of an American Academy of Biblical Scholarship: Early Collaborative Efforts | 188 |
| 3.1. Biblical Commentary: The Lange Project | 189 |
| 3.2. Biblical Translation: The Revised Version | 190 |
| 4. The Old Testament and Higher Criticism in the United States and Canada, 1880–1900 | 191 |
| 4.1. The Old Testament and the University: The Vision of William Rainey Harper | 194 |
| 4.2. The Protestant Heresy Trial in the United States: The Case of Charles Briggs | 196 |
| 4.3. Historical Criticism and American Catholicism | 199 |
| 4.4. Historical Criticism in Canada | 201 |
| 5. Conclusion | 202 |
| 8. Protestant Biblical Scholarship on the European Continent and in Great Britain and Ireland | 204 |
| 1. The Political and Ecclesiastical Background | 205 |
| 2. The Continent of Europe from 1800 to 1860 | 206 |
| 3. Great Britain and Ireland from 1800 to 1860 | 210 |
| 4. The Continent of Europe 1860–1899 | 211 |
| 5. Great Britain and Ireland 1860–1899 | 216 |
| 9. Biblical Scholarship in Northern Europe | 224 |
| 1. The Historical Background | 225 |
| 2. Bible Reading and Bible Promotion in the Nordic Countries | 226 |
| 3. Biblical Scholarship at the Nordic Universities | 227 |
| 4. From Historical “Biblicism” to Historical Criticism | 230 |
| 4.1. Historical “Biblicism” – a Conservative Synthesis | 230 |
| 4.2. Historical Criticism – a New Synthesis Emerging | 233 |
| 5. Two Internationally Renowned Biblical Scholars: C. P. Caspari and F. Buhl | 235 |
| 5.1. Carl Paul Caspari | 235 |
| 5.2 Frants Buhl | 237 |
| 6. Bible Interpretation in N. F. S. Grundtvig and S. Kierkegaard | 241 |
| 6.1. Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig | 241 |
| 6.2. Søren Kierkegaard | 243 |
| 10. The Catholic Church and Historical Criticism of the Old Testament | 245 |
| 1. Introduction | 246 |
| 2. The First Catholic Reaction to Historical Criticism | 247 |
| 3. The Catholic Attack on Modernism | 253 |
| 4. From Pius XII to Vatican II: The Catholic Embrace of Historical Criticism | 258 |
| 11. Jewish Biblical Scholarship between Tradition and Innovation | 263 |
| 1. Introduction | 264 |
| 2. Approaches to Textual Criticism | 267 |
| 3. On Authorship and Dating of Biblical Texts | 279 |
| 4. Exegesis | 293 |
| 5. Epilogue | 303 |
| C. Special Fields and Different Approaches in the Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament | 306 |
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| 12. The ‘History of Israel’: Its Emergence as an Independent Discipline | 308 |
| 1. Introduction: The Development of a Historical Methodology in the Seventeenth Century | 308 |
| 2. Modern Studies of History in the Nineteenth Century | 310 |
| 3. Biblical Chronology | 314 |
| 3.1. Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540–1609) | 316 |
| 3.2. Denis Pétau (Dionysius Petavius) (1583–1652) | 317 |
| 3.3. James Ussher (1581–1656) | 318 |
| 4. The Emergence of an Independent History of Israel | 320 |
| 4.1. Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) and Richard Simon (1638–1712) | 321 |
| 4.2. The Netherlands: Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) and Peter Cunaeus (1586–1638) | 322 |
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